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Thread: Undocumented immigration in border states

  1. #111
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    Quote Originally Posted by Skiz View Post
    How about The Texas State Historical Association?

    There is a complete bibliography as well with plenty of reputable sources.

    Operation Wetback was a repatriation project of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service to remove illegal Mexican immigrants ("wetbacks") from the Southwest. During the first decades of the twentieth century, the majority of migrant workers who crossed the border illegally did not have adequate protection against exploitation by American farmers. As a result of the Good Neighbor Policy, Mexico and the United States began negotiating an accord to protect the rights of Mexican agricultural workers. Continuing discussions and modifications of the agreement were so successful that the Congress chose to formalize the "temporary" program into the Bracero program, authorized by Public Law 78. In the early 1940s, while the program was being viewed as a success in both countries, Mexico excluded Texas from the labor-exchange program on the grounds of widespread violation of contracts, discrimination against migrant workers, and such violations of their civil rights as perfunctory arrests for petty causes. Oblivious to the Mexican charges, some grower organizations in Texas continued to hire illegal Mexican workers and violate such mandates of PL 78 as the requirement to provide workers transportation costs from and to Mexico, fair and lawful wages, housing, and health services. World War II and the postwar period exacerbated the Mexican exodus to the United States, as the demand for cheap agricultural laborers increased. Graft and corruption on both sides of the border enriched many Mexican officials as well as unethical "coyote" freelancers in the United States who promised contracts in Texas for the unsuspecting Bracero. Studies conducted over a period of several years indicate that the Bracero program increased the number of illegal aliens in Texas and the rest of the country. Because of the low wages paid to legal, contracted braceros, many of them skipped out on their contracts either to return home or to work elsewhere for better wages as wetbacks.

    Increasing grievances from various Mexican officials in the United States and Mexico prompted the Mexican government to rescind the bracero agreement and cease the export of Mexican workers. The United States Immigration Service, under pressure from various agricultural groups, retaliated against Mexico in 1951 by allowing thousands of illegals to cross the border, arresting them, and turning them over to the Texas Employment Commission, which delivered them to work for various grower groups in Texas and elsewhere. Over the long term, this action by the federal government, in violation of immigration laws and the agreement with Mexico, caused new problems for Texas. Between 1944 and 1954, "the decade of the wetback," the number of illegal aliens coming from Mexico increased by 6,000 percent. It is estimated that in 1954 before Operation Wetback got under way, more than a million workers had crossed the Rio Grande illegally. Cheap labor displaced native agricultural workers, and increased violation of labor laws and discrimination encouraged criminality, disease, and illiteracy. According to a study conducted in 1950 by the President's Commission on Migratory Labor in Texas, the Rio Grande valley cotton growers were paying approximately half of the wages paid elsewhere in Texas. In 1953 a McAllen newspaper clamored for justice in view of continuing criminal activities by wetbacks.

    The resulting Operation Wetback, a national reaction against illegal immigration, began in Texas in mid-July 1954. Headed by the commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization Service, Gen. Joseph May Swing, the United States Border Patrol aided by municipal, county, state, and federal authorities, as well as the military, began a quasimilitary operation of search and seizure of all illegal immigrants. Fanning out from the lower Rio Grande valley, Operation Wetback moved northward. Illegal aliens were repatriated initially through Presidio because the Mexican city across the border, Ojinaga, had rail connections to the interior of Mexico by which workers could be quickly moved on to Durango. A major concern of the operation was to discourage reentry by moving the workers far into the interior. Others were to be sent through El Paso. On July 15, the first day of the operation, 4,800 aliens were apprehended. Thereafter the daily totals dwindled to an average of about 1,100 a day. The forces used by the government were actually relatively small, perhaps no more than 700 men, but were exaggerated by border patrol officials who hoped to scare illegal workers into flight back to Mexico. Valley newspapers also exaggerated the size of the government forces for their own purposes: generally unfavorable editorials attacked the Border Patrol as an invading army seeking to deprive Valley farmers of their inexpensive labor force. While the numbers of deportees remained relatively high, the illegals were transported across the border on trucks and buses. As the pace of the operation slowed, deportation by sea began on the Emancipation, which ferried wetbacks from Port Isabel, Texas, to Veracruz, and on other ships. Ships were a preferred mode of transport because they carried the illegal workers farther away from the border than did buses, trucks, or trains. The boat lift continued until the drowning of seven deportees who jumped ship from the Mercurio provoked a mutiny and led to a public outcry against the practice in Mexico. Other aliens, particularly those apprehended in the Midwest states, were flown to Brownsville and sent into Mexico from there. The operation trailed off in the fall of 1954 as INS funding began to run out.

    It is difficult to estimate the number of illegal aliens forced to leave by the operation. The INS claimed as many as 1,300,000, though the number officially apprehended did not come anywhere near this total. The INS estimate rested on the claim that most aliens, fearing apprehension by the government, had voluntarily repatriated themselves before and during the operation. The San Antonio district, which included all of Texas outside of El Paso and the Trans-Pecos, had officially apprehended slightly more than 80,000 aliens, and local INS officials claimed that an additional 500,000 to 700,000 had fled to Mexico before the campaign began. Many commentators have considered these figure to be exaggerated. Various groups opposed any form of temporary labor in the United States. The American G.I. Forum, for instance, by and large had little or no sympathy for the man who crossed the border illegally. Apparently the Texas State Federation of Labor supported the G.I. Forum's position. Eventually the two organizations coproduced a study entitled What Price Wetbacks?, which concluded that illegal aliens in United States agriculture damaged the health of the American people, that illegals displaced American workers, that they harmed the retailers of McAllen, and that the open-border policy of the American government posed a threat to the security of the United States. Critics of Operation Wetback considered it xenophobic and heartless.

    BIBLIOGRAPHY: Carl Allsup, The American G.I. Forum: Origins and Evolution (University of Texas Center for Mexican American Studies Monograph 6, Austin, 1982). Arnoldo De León, Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History (Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1993). Juan Ramon Garcia, Operation Wetback: The Mass Deportation of Mexican Undocumented Workers in 1954 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1980). Eleanor M. Hadley, "A Critical Analysis of the Wetback Problem," Law and Contemporary Problems 21 (Spring 1956). Saturday Evening Post, July 27, 1946. Julian Samora, Los Mojados: The Wetback Story (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1971).
    I don't see anything credible. The most recent reference is from the GI forum, which is obviously prejudiced. The other semi recent one, is from someone based in Arlington Heights which happens to be KKK central in Illinois. The rest of the references are from the 70's and 50's. Yeah, really credible. It doesn't matter and as i said, unless you're Mexican you can't use that word. I don't care who you are. The world changes SKIs, i suggest you go along with it.

    I'm telling you why people started using that word, but you still refuse to put it to rest. It was an ignorant term used by Whites to describe Braceros. Its that simple. I don't see why I have to spell it out for you. The fact that you found some literature to "back up your sources", doesn't mean much. Anyone can find literature on whatever they want to find. I actually knew someone who lived it, but my input isn't valid?

    Look i really dont care what fantasies you want to discuss here, about militarizing the border or whatever. All im saying is that referring to Braceros as wetbacks is wrong. It may be historically accurate, but it's wrong. Just like it would be accurate that it was commonplace to call blacks the N word. I'm telling you its offensive, that should be enough. I don't care if you wanna use them as reference, just call them what they were BRACEROS. Thats all i ask.

  2. The Drawing Room   -   #112
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    Quote Originally Posted by l33tpirata13 View Post

    I don't see anything credible...


    Take the blindfold off, ffs.


    yo

  3. The Drawing Room   -   #113
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    Bracero

    Mexican farm worker, legally admitted to the United States on a temporary contract basis from 1942 to 1964. The intention of that practice was to control the influx of ‘wetbacks’ (Mexican workers who crossed the Rio Grande illegally), to regulate the conditions of employment and to protect the wage levels of domestic workers. Close to 180,000 of such workers were legally contracted in 1964, the last year of the program. Their legal admission was discontinued because of the adverse effect their availability was alleged to have had on employment of U.S. nationals.

    (verbatim)Encyclopaedia Britannica 1974

    I'm sorry I can't find a better unbiased reference than that.

    I think I will close on that. I get a sore head knocking it against the wall.
    Last edited by bigboab; 08-25-2010 at 09:10 PM.
    The best way to keep a secret:- Tell everyone not to tell anyone.

  4. The Drawing Room   -   #114
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    Quote Originally Posted by bigboab View Post
    Congress is empowered to 'sieze' land for the protection of the States. Mass (global)immigration as seen today has got to stop.
    Yeah right. congress is going to remove all infrastructure along the border, move millions of Americans out of their home and make trade with Mexico (3rd largest trade partner, double than that of Japan) harder to stop people from coming to do shitty jobs. Congress has not been able to build a wall for this very reason; A lot of land they want to take is on the hands of universities and they're fighting the federal government for it.

  5. The Drawing Room   -   #115
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    Quote Originally Posted by l33tpirata13 View Post
    Quote Originally Posted by j2k4 View Post

    Okay - back all that up, pal.

    Quote exactly where and how I called you or your Grandfather a "wetback".

    Also-

    Shoot MBM a PM and beg him to post in support of your accusations.

    Actually, it needn't be MBM - anybody will do.
    Back what up? What is there to dispute? You want to pretend like that bit of "history" is valid enough to call my family a derogatory term. It's that simple. You want to defend a site that makes wiki look like a paysite simply because it calls Braceros, Wetbacks. I don't have anything to prove, you've done enough.

    Also-
    Be realistic. You do realize you live in NM, right? These types of ideas are rampant in those parts. Talk of militarizing the border is nothing more than fantasy. It will never happen. EVER. So why even discuss it? Saying that you're out of touch is an understatement. That's just the facts, sorry.

    Who backs YOU up? Someone that doesn't just delete posts to YOUR liking please.
    Quote Originally Posted by l33tpirata13 View Post
    Quote Originally Posted by Skiz View Post
    How about The Texas State Historical Association?

    There is a complete bibliography as well with plenty of reputable sources.
    I don't see anything credible. The most recent reference is from the GI forum, which is obviously prejudiced. The other semi recent one, is from someone based in Arlington Heights which happens to be KKK central in Illinois. The rest of the references are from the 70's and 50's. Yeah, really credible. It doesn't matter and as i said, unless you're Mexican you can't use that word. I don't care who you are. The world changes SKIs, i suggest you go along with it.

    I'm telling you why people started using that word, but you still refuse to put it to rest. It was an ignorant term used by Whites to describe Braceros. Its that simple. I don't see why I have to spell it out for you. The fact that you found some literature to "back up your sources", doesn't mean much. Anyone can find literature on whatever they want to find. I actually knew someone who lived it, but my input isn't valid?

    Look i really dont care what fantasies you want to discuss here, about militarizing the border or whatever. All im saying is that referring to Braceros as wetbacks is wrong. It may be historically accurate, but it's wrong. Just like it would be accurate that it was commonplace to call blacks the N word. I'm telling you its offensive, that should be enough. I don't care if you wanna use them as reference, just call them what they were BRACEROS. Thats all i ask.
    This stuff makes me giggle, it's so stupid.

    An entity unto yourself, now?

    I would say, in the entire history of this board, that you are far and away the thickest individual to achieve and abuse membership here.

    I used to occasionally wander around the torrent section to amuse myself reading rampant stupidity; stupidity so deep and wide as to send me searching in vain for a stronger descriptive, BUT...

    You - you take the mother-fucking cake, Chicago.

    You are the most unrelentingly and unremittingly STOOOPID person to ever post in these hallowed halls.

    Now, that is saying something - just ask me.


    There - now you can say I've insulted you, I will certify the truth of that statement, and you still can't make a case for racism, you piece-of-shit.

    Keep posting, asshole.

    Btw-

    I'm not from New Mexico, stupido.
    "Researchers have already cast much darkness on the subject, and if they continue their investigations, we shall soon know nothing at all about it."

    -Mark Twain

  6. The Drawing Room   -   #116
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    Quote Originally Posted by j2k4 View Post
    But...but...we're not talking about the second amendment, nor are we talking about any 'outrage' issuing from the Right.

    We're talking about the border, controlling it, or not, etc. ...
    Shouldn't we trying to control our citizens first, the way they kill each other with those gun thingins? Many more are killed by guns that illegals with cars, so lets fix the constitution the right way.

  7. The Drawing Room   -   #117
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    Quote Originally Posted by j2k4 View Post
    Quote Originally Posted by l33tpirata13 View Post

    Back what up? What is there to dispute? You want to pretend like that bit of "history" is valid enough to call my family a derogatory term. It's that simple. You want to defend a site that makes wiki look like a paysite simply because it calls Braceros, Wetbacks. I don't have anything to prove, you've done enough.

    Also-
    Be realistic. You do realize you live in NM, right? These types of ideas are rampant in those parts. Talk of militarizing the border is nothing more than fantasy. It will never happen. EVER. So why even discuss it? Saying that you're out of touch is an understatement. That's just the facts, sorry.

    Who backs YOU up? Someone that doesn't just delete posts to YOUR liking please.
    Quote Originally Posted by l33tpirata13 View Post
    Quote Originally Posted by Skiz View Post
    How about The Texas State Historical Association?

    There is a complete bibliography as well with plenty of reputable sources.
    I don't see anything credible. The most recent reference is from the GI forum, which is obviously prejudiced. The other semi recent one, is from someone based in Arlington Heights which happens to be KKK central in Illinois. The rest of the references are from the 70's and 50's. Yeah, really credible. It doesn't matter and as i said, unless you're Mexican you can't use that word. I don't care who you are. The world changes SKIs, i suggest you go along with it.

    I'm telling you why people started using that word, but you still refuse to put it to rest. It was an ignorant term used by Whites to describe Braceros. Its that simple. I don't see why I have to spell it out for you. The fact that you found some literature to "back up your sources", doesn't mean much. Anyone can find literature on whatever they want to find. I actually knew someone who lived it, but my input isn't valid?

    Look i really dont care what fantasies you want to discuss here, about militarizing the border or whatever. All im saying is that referring to Braceros as wetbacks is wrong. It may be historically accurate, but it's wrong. Just like it would be accurate that it was commonplace to call blacks the N word. I'm telling you its offensive, that should be enough. I don't care if you wanna use them as reference, just call them what they were BRACEROS. Thats all i ask.
    This stuff makes me giggle, it's so stupid.

    An entity unto yourself, now?

    I would say, in the entire history of this board, that you are far and away the thickest individual to achieve and abuse membership here.

    I used to occasionally wander around the torrent section to amuse myself reading rampant stupidity; stupidity so deep and wide as to send me searching in vain for a stronger descriptive, BUT...

    You - you take the mother-fucking cake, Chicago.

    You are the most unrelentingly and unremittingly STOOOPID person to ever post in these hallowed halls.

    Now, that is saying something - just ask me.


    There - now you can say I've insulted you, I will certify the truth of that statement, and you still can't make a case for racism, you piece-of-shit.

    Keep posting, asshole.

    Btw-

    I'm not from New Mexico, stupido.
    Only you would be so ignorant. Is your life really that pathetic you have to make simple thing, like not using a racist term to describe my ancestors, into a huge political issue? Are you really that small? Receiving insults from degenerates like yourself, tickles me.

    You seriously like to stroke your own ego, for what reason, I don't know. You're not a smart person by any means AT ALL. I suspect that's why you take your far-out political views to the board, since no one will listen to you for more than a couple seconds in real life.

    Oh and if you're going to insult in a different language, at least get it right. ESTUPIDO!

  8. The Drawing Room   -   #118
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    Quote Originally Posted by l33tpirata13 View Post
    Only you would be so ignorant. Is your life really that pathetic you have to make simple thing, like not using a racist term to describe my ancestors, into a huge political issue?
    And there is a nice, neat example of your ignorance and deficient powers of discrimination - I haven't referred to you or your great-grandfather by any racial terms except in your fevered imagination, and I defy you to find anyone on this board who would agree that I have.

    Quote Originally Posted by l33tpirata13 View Post
    Oh and if you're going to insult in a different language, at least get it right. ESTUPIDO!
    Well, then.

    Sorry, pecker-head.
    "Researchers have already cast much darkness on the subject, and if they continue their investigations, we shall soon know nothing at all about it."

    -Mark Twain

  9. The Drawing Room   -   #119
    Hmmm... seems like this thread, which started out on solid footing, has degenerated into incoherent racist rants from leet again. What a surprise!

    Another example of taxpayer money being wasted on public schools in the form of ethnic studies and MECHA.
    Last edited by 999969999; 08-26-2010 at 02:18 PM.
    Who can take your money and give it to someone else? The Government Can! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LO2eh...layer_embedded

  10. The Drawing Room   -   #120
    Quote Originally Posted by l33tpirata13 View Post
    Wow, so now MBM gets a ban because he makes some sense? According to J2d2, my great grandfather is a Wetback, and anyone that says it's "history" can call him that also. The sources cited for that "wiki" were completely one sided. The very people that the article states were called bigots, are the same ones they are citing. You consider that link as a credible source? Not ACLU though, right? Is it history or just an excuse to throw racist terms around without consequence? Putting things into perspective, J2d2 and others with his views live in secluded rural areas, where this form of thinking is rampant. New Mexico or western texas, doesn't represent the US by any means.

    Oh and if the mods were doing their jobs, which they are not, it wouldn't get personal. J2d2 seems to get as personal as he wants without any sort of consequence. Why is that? Will this post be deleted too?
    You mean Red States can't win elections? How do you think Bush won both elections? The Red States.
    Last edited by 999969999; 08-26-2010 at 02:18 PM.
    Who can take your money and give it to someone else? The Government Can! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LO2eh...layer_embedded

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